Overview

The defense of Iwo Jima continued a pattern of change in Japanese strategy from the rest of the war. By mid-1944, the Japanese commanders and strategic planners knew that they could not win against America.

Yet honor demanded that they could not surrender, and so they changed their tactics to make the war as costly for the United States as possible. They hoped that the Americans would sue for peace instead of demanding their surrender. This “war of attrition” strategy, first used at Peleliu, was used again on Iwo Jima, with devastating effect.

Taps on Iwo Jima. Official U.S. Marine Corps photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives.

General Kuribayashi of the Imperial Japanese Army forbade the usual banzai charges and other suicide attacks. Instead, he issued the “Courageous Battle Vows,” ordering each of his soldiers to kill 10 Americans and fight to the death. Japanese artillery and snipers opened fire on the beaches as the Marines tried to land. Many Americans believed that the Japanese were nearsighted and had terrible aim. This rumor was destroyed at Iwo Jima. The Allies had believed the change in tactics at Peleliu to be a fluke, a one-time deviation from the reckless fighting style of the rest of the war. They were unprepared for the ferocity of the Japanese on Iwo Jima.

  • Type 99 Arisaka Rifle

  • Type 99 Arisaka Rifle

  • Type 99 Arisaka Rifle

Type 99 Arisaka Rifle

Type 99 Arisaka rifle picked up by John Thomas DeBrular of the 62nd Naval Construction Battalion. He obtained the rifle after the banzai charge launched by the Japanese on the night of 25 March 1945. Although General Kuribayashi had forbidden suicide tactics during the defense of Iwo Jima, by late March it was clear they would lose the island. One final banzai attack of over 300 men was launched in an attempt to land one last blow for the Emperor. The Japanese soldiers carefully assumed their positions during the night and attacked while it was still dark, taking the Americans by complete surprise. General Kuribayashi himself was killed the same night as the attack, although accounts differ as to whether he took his own life or was killed by American artillery. The banzai charge resulted in the deaths of over 100 Americans, with 200 more wounded.

This rifle belonged to a Japanese soldier killed in the banzai charge. During the attack, the soldier was hit by a flamethrower, resulting in the charring on the rifle stock.